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1) For mountain waves to form there should be flow of air across the ridge, generally within ……………of the perpendicular to the ridge.
a) 30°
b) 45°
c) 60°
Explanation: For mountain waves to develop, the airflow typically needs to be within 30 degrees of perpendicular to the ridge.
2) For mountain waves to form the wind speed for small mountains should be at least
a) 15 m/s
b) 10 m/s
c) 7 m/s
Explanation: A minimum wind speed of 7 m/s is generally required for the formation of mountain waves over small mountains.
3) For mountain waves to form the wind speed for large mountains should be at least
a) 15 m/s
b) 10 m/s
c) 7 m/s
Explanation: Similar to small mountains, a wind speed of at least 15 m/s is necessary for the formation of mountain waves over large mountains.
4) For mountain waves to form the atmosphere should be ……. up to the ridge, where air stream strikes the ridge.
a) Unstable
b) Stable
c) Indifferent
Explanation: The atmosphere needs to be unstable up to the ridge for mountain waves to form, which allows the airflow to remain coherent.
5) For mountain waves to form the atmosphere should be ….. at higher levels above the ridge.
a) Unstable
b) Stable
c) Indifferent
Explanation: The atmosphere should be unstable at higher levels above the ridge, which helps in the formation of mountain waves.
6) In Mountain waves the Rotor clouds form in
a) Troughs
b) Ridges
c) Valley
Explanation: Rotor clouds typically form in the ridges of mountain waves, where air currents create turbulent conditions.
7) Clear air turbulence is often encountered
a) At the boundary of a jet stream
b) In the wake of a passing airplane
c) In the wake of a larger airplane at take off and landing
d) All of the above
Explanation: Clear air turbulence (CAT) can be encountered at jet stream boundaries, as well as in the wake of both passing and larger airplanes.
8) Most CAT occurs on the ……. of a jet stream and in the vicinity of upper level frontal zones where temperature contrasts are strong.
a) Fringes
b) Within the core
c) Axis
Explanation: Most clear air turbulence is found at the fringes of a jet stream, particularly near areas of strong temperature contrast.
9) CAT is the bumpiness experienced by aircraft at high altitudes ……. in either cloud­free conditions or in stratiform clouds.
a) above 18,000 feet
b) below 18,000 feet
c) below 28,000 feet
Explanation: Clear air turbulence typically occurs at altitudes above 18,000 feet, even in the absence of clouds.
10) When approaching an area where mountain waves have been reported, a pilot should expect:
a) Possible presence of roll clouds and lenticular clouds
b) Intense updrafts and downdrafts on the lee side of the mountains
c) Moderate to severe turbulence as far as 20 to 30 miles from the range on lee side
d) All of the above
Explanation: Pilots should be aware of various phenomena such as roll clouds, intense updrafts, and potential turbulence when flying near reported mountain waves.

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